Dual-process theories were proposed and assume that two kinds of processing are exist for cognitive processing. They are, System 1 represented as unconscious, rapid, effortless and automatic, called as intuitive responses; whereas System 2 represented as conscious, slow, effortful and deliberative, called as deliberate responses. System 1 will active when responding in an immediate and parallel processing, whereas System 2 will active when focusing attention, both language-and rule-based, and monitoring and overriding System 1.
The cognitive-miser response (CMR) model was proposed to model the two kinds of responses which are from the two processes. Three response categories were included in the model, and they are incorrect answers obtained by immediate/intuitive responses (System 1), incorrect answers obtained by deliberate responses (System 2), and correct answers obtained by deliberate responses (System 2). A simple two-stage process was proposed to account for the two processing and illustrated as Figure 1 and Equation 1 to 3.
Two extension CMR models were proposed to test whether the response-type classification agrees with the postulated response mechanisms.
The simulation results show that the CMR model can be worked well when two conditions are satisfied; first, it allows identifying the presence of an impulsive response process. Second, suppressing the immediate answer does not by default give rise to the correct one but requires deliberative efforts that may lead to an incorrect response. An important is that the correctness of an item response by itself is not sufficient to diagnose a deliberate or an intuitive process.
Questions and Comments
1. The assumption of this model is based on the incorrect answers will caused by System 1, that is, only the correct answers can be obtained by System 2. It is a strong and limited assumption. How to relax the assumption and model the two processes more agreed with reality can be investigated.
2. In model A and B, it seems to model the two processes will switched and the probability of switching is the same across examinees for model A and vary across examinees for model B. But I don't know how to distinguish the two E2s or the two deliberate processes.